孙子曰：地形
Sun Tzu said，“ As regards terrain there are the fol-
lowing types：
有通者，
1．The Accessible Terrain
有挂者，
2．The Intricate Terrain
有支者，
3．The Indifferent Terrain
有隘者，
4. The Compressed Terrain
有险者，
5．The Precipitous Terrain
有远者。
6．The Distended Terrain
我可以往，彼可以来，曰通；通形者，先居
高阳，利粮道，以战则利。
The Accessible Terrain is that which affords free
and easy access to both combatants． On this type of
terrain he who first occupies the high sunny mounds and
guards the supply route has greater advantage.
可以往，难以返，曰挂；挂形者，敌无备，
出而胜之；敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不
利。
The Intricate Terrain is that which makes the exit
easier than the re-entry. On this type of terrain the
enemy can be defeated when they are caught unprepared.
If the enemy are well prepared and if they are not
overcome on the first attempt， it will be difficult and
perhaps disastrous to make a re-entry.
我出而不利，彼出而不利，日支；支形者，
敌虽利我，我无出也；引而去之，令敌半出而击
之，利。
The Indifferent terrain is that which makes it
disadvantageous for either combatant who makes the
first move. On this type of terrain one should refuse to be
drawn out by any allurement but should feign a retreat
and attack the enemy when they have left their position.
In this way he may win.
隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌；若敌
先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。
On the Compressed Terrain one should try to be the
first in occupying the narrow passes and having them
strongly guarded to wait for the approach of the enemy.
In case the enemy first occupy the narrow passes then
whether one should attack them or not depends whether
or not they are strongly guarded.
险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若
敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。
On the Precipitous Terrain one should try to be the
first in occupying the sunny side of the precipitious
heights to wait for the approach of the enemy. In case the
enemy first occupy the precipitous heights he should not
pursue but try to allure them to leave their position.
远形者，势均，难以挑战，战而不利。
On the Distended Terrain the chances of the two
combatants are even. It is both difficult and disad-
vantageous for either party to throw a challenge.
凡此六者，地之道也；将之至任，不可不
察也。
The above principles regarding the six types of
terrain and the supreme duties of the responsible generals
should be clearly understood.
故兵有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有
乱者，有北者。凡此六者，非天之灾，将之过
也。
An army may suffer from： Flight， Insubordination,
Collapse， Ruin， Disorganization and Rout． These six
calamities are not due to natural causes but to the fault
of the generals.
夫势均，以一击十，曰走；
When other conditions being equal the enemy
are able to use a concentrated force against a divided
force，it spells Flight.
卒强吏弱，曰弛；
When men are strong and officers weak， it spells
Insubordination.
吏强卒弱，曰陷；
When men are weak and officers strong， it spells
Collapse.
大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其
能，曰崩。
When resentful officers refuse to obey orders and
without the consent of their superiors challenge the
enemy， it spells Ruin.
将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵
横，曰乱；
When the general is weak and slacK， when
instructions are not clear，when the duties of officers and
men are not distinct，when everything is done in a
slovenly manner， it spells Disorganization.
将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选
锋，日北。
When the general fails to know the enemy， uses a
small force against a large force， matches weakness a-
gainst strength， possesses no picked vanguards， it spells
Rout.
凡此六者，败之道也；将之至任，不可不
察也。
The above principles regarding the causes of defeat
and the supreme duties of the responsible generals should
be clearly understood.
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险厄
远近，上将之道也。
The advantageous type of terrain can help one to
win successes in warfare. But the test of superior gen-
eralship lies in the ability to estimate and control the
forces of the enemy， to calculate the difficulties and
dangers that lead to victory.
知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。
He who makes a correct application of these prin-
ciples in war is sure to win. He who makes not a correct
application of these principles in war is sure to lose.
故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；
The general should fight when he is sure of victory
even though the sovereign orders him not to fight.
战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。
The general should not fight when he is sure of de-
feat even though the sovereign orders him to fight.
故进不求名，退不避罪，唯人是保，而利合
於主，国之宝也。
Not because he wants to court fame when he orders
an advance， not because he fears personal disgrace when
he orders a retreat， but always acting for the welfare of
his people and for the advantage of his sovereign-the
general who conducts war in this fashion is the jewel of
the State.
视卒如婴儿，故可与之赴深溪；
When the general takes care of his men like infants
they will be willing to follow him even in the midst of
dangers.
视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。
When the general treats his men like his own
beloved children they will be willing to support him even
unto death.
厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬
若骄子，不可用也。
When the general is over-indulgent and does not
know how to exercise his authority； when the general is
over-solicitous and does not know how tO command
obedience--under these conditions his men will be like a
bunch of spoilt children who are bent on disorder and
unamenable to discipline. They will not prove themselves
useful.
知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可以击，胜
之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以
击，胜之半也；
When the general knows the strength of his own
army but knows not the strength of the enemy， he can
have only half the chances of achieving success．
知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形
之不可以战，胜之半也。
When the general correctly estimates the strength
both of the enemy and his own but knows not the
disadvantages due to unfavourable terrain， he can have
only half the chances of achieving success.
故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。
The adepts in warfare once embarked on action
never feel at loss to deal with any situation.
故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜
乃不穷。
It may be said： when one has a thorough knowledge
of both the enemy and oneself，victory can be assured.
When one has a thorough knowledge of both earth and
heaven， victory can be complete。'
译文
孙子说：地形有「通]、［挂」、［支」、「
隘」、「险」、「远」等六类。我可以去，敌人
可以来的地域，叫做「通」；在「通形」地区，
要抢先占据地势高而向阳的地方，沟通并保护粮
道，这样与敌交战就有利。可以前进，难以返回
的地域，叫做「挂」。在「挂形」地区，敌军如
无防备，就可以突然出击战胜它；如果敌有防
备，出击而不能取胜，又难以返回，就不利了。
我军前出不利，敌军前出也不利的地域，叫做「
支」。在「支形」地区，敌人虽然以利诱我，我
也不要出击；可引兵离去，待敌军前出一半时再
突然回击它，这样就有利。在［隘形」的地域
上，如果我军先到达，就用重兵堵塞隘口，等待
敌人来攻；如果敌军先到达，占领隘口，并用重
兵据守，不要去进击；如果敌军没有用重兵封锁
隘口，就迅速攻取它。在「险形」地域上，如果
我军先敌占领，必须控制地势高而向阳的地方，
以待敌来犯；如果敌人已先占领，就应主动撤
退，不要进攻它。在「远形」地域上，双方势均
力敌，不宜挑战，勉强求战，於我不利。以上六
点，是利用地形的原则；这是将帅的重大责任所
在，是不可以不认真研究的。军队失败的情况
有「走」、「弛」、「陷」、「崩」、「乱」、「
北」等六种。这六种情况，不是天灾造成的，而
是由於将帅的过失所致。在敌我条件相当的情况
下，如果攻击十倍於我的敌人，因而失败的，叫
做「走」。士卒强悍，将吏懦弱，因而失败的，
叫做「弛」。将吏本领高强，士卒怯弱，因而失
败的，叫做「陷」。部将怨怒而不服从指挥，遇
到敌人忿然擅自出战，主将又不了解他们能否取
胜，因而失败的，叫做「崩」。主将软弱而又缺
乏威严，训练教育不明，吏卒无所遵循，布阵杂
乱无章，因而失败的，叫做「乱」。主将不能正
确判断敌情，以少击众，以弱击强，又没有精锐
部队为骨干，因而失败的，叫做「北」。以上六
种情况，必然导致军队的失败；这是将帅的重大
责任，是不可以不认真考虑研究的。地形是用兵
的辅助条件。正确判断敌情，制定取胜计画，研
究地形险易，计算道路的远近，这些都是将帅必
须掌握的方法。懂得这些并能用来指导作战的，
必然胜利，不懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，必然
会失败。如果根据战场实情确有必胜把握，即使
国君命令不让打，也可以坚决去打；如果根据战
场实情不能取胜，即使国君命令打，也可以不
打。所以进不求名誉，退不避惩罚，只知道保护
民众，符合国君的根本利益，这样的将帅才真是
国家最宝贵的人材。将帅对士卒能像对待婴儿一
样体贴，士卒就可以随将帅赴汤蹈火；将帅对士
卒能像对待自己的「爱子」一样，士卒就可以与
将帅同生共死。但是，对士卒过份厚养而不能使
用，一味溺爱而不能命令，违反了纪律也不能严
肃处理，这样的军队，就好比「骄子」一样，是
不能用来作战的。只了解自己的部队能打，而不
了解敌人不可以打，胜利的可能性只有一半；了
解敌军可以打，而不了解自己的部队不能打，取
胜的可能性也只有一半。了解敌军可以打，也了
解自己的部队能打，而不了解地形不利於作战，
取胜的把握仍然只有一半。所以，真正懂得用兵
的人，他采取的军事行动决不迷暗，他采取的措
施变化无穷。所以说：了解敌人，了解自己，就
能必胜不败；懂得天时，懂得地利，胜利就不可
穷尽了。