孙子曰：凡用兵之法，
Sun Tzu said，‘ In the conduct of war one may find
himself in nine varieties of situations：
有散地，
1．The Dissentious Situation
有轻地，
2．The Facile Situation
有争地，
3．The Critical Situation
有交地，
4．The Open Situation
有衢地，
5．The Commanding Situation
有重地，
6．The Serious Situation
有圮地，
7．The Fearful Situation
有围地，
8．The Beleaguered Situation
有死地。
9．The Desperate Situation
诸侯自战其地，为散地。
When the sovereign is fighting on his own territory,
he is said to be in the Dissentious Situation
入人之地而不深者，为轻地。
When he has carried fighting into another's ter-
ritory but has not yet penetrated far， he is said to be in
the Facile Situation.
我得则利，彼得亦利者，为争地。
When he is fighting for a position which would
prove advantageous for either side to gain， he is said to be
in the Critical Situation.
我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。
When he is fighting on ground which is equally
accessible to both combatants， he is said to be in the Open
Situation.
诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢
地。
When he is fighting in a country which forms a key
position to several states and which leads to the mastery
of the whole Empire， he is said to be in the Commanding
Situation.
入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。
When he has carried fighting into the heart of a
hostile country and left in his rear many fortified cities，
he is said to be in the Serious Situation.
行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为
圮地。
When he is fighting in mountain forests， dangerous
passes， marshy lands or other difficult countries， he is
said to be in the Fearful Situation.
所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之
众者，为围地。
When he is fighting in a country which is accessible
by only narrow and tortuous paths and which can be
easily guarded by a very small force， he is said to be in
the Beleaguered Situation.
疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。
When he has reached the stage that his only chance
of survival lies in speedy and hard fighting， he is said to
be in the Desperate Situation.
是故散地则无战，
In the Dissentious Situation one must not com-
mence fighting.
轻地则无止，
In the Facile Situation one must not stop ad-
vancing.
争地则无攻，
In the Critical Situation one must not lay siege.
交地则无绝，
In the Open situation one must not try blockade.
衢地则合交，
In the Commanding Situation one must use diplomacy.
重地则掠，
In the Serious Situation one must forage on the
enemy.
圮地则行，
In the Fearful Situation one must leave with
speed.
围地则谋，
In the Beleaguered Situation one must use strat-
agem.
死地则战。
In the Desperate Situation one must fight hard.
所谓古之善用兵者，能使敌人前复不相及，
众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而
不集，兵合而不齐。
As of old the adepts in warfare are able to prevent
the enemy from affecting union, coordination, cooper-
ation, reenforcement and rally among their fighting for-
ces. When the enemy's forces are scattered one should try
to prevent them from coming together. After they
have come together he should try to keep them in dis-
order.
合於利而动，不合於利而止。
One should make a forward move only when it is
advantageous to do so. If it is disadvantageous he should
remain still.
敢问：敌众整而将来，待之若何？曰：先夺
其所爱，则听矣。
If someone asks：" What should one do when he
finds a large and well organized enemy coming to invade
his territory？" My reply is："First get hold of that which
the enemy prize most and they will become amenable."
兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻
其所不戒也。
In the conduct of war speed is the most important.
One should move faster than the enemy， appear by
unexpected routes， and attack when they are unprepared.
凡为客之道：深入则专，主人不克；
When fighting is done in the hostile country the
following observations are true：
The farther the invading forces penetrate the more
united they become and consequently the more difficult
for the defenders to overcome.
掠於饶野，三军足食；
If forays are properly conducted in a fertile coun-
try， there should be sufficient provisions and provender
for the whole army.
谨养而勿劳，并气积力；运兵计谋，为不
可测。
If the army are properly nourished and spared of
unnecessary toil， they will be able to husband their
energy and execute their orders with promptitude and
efficacy surprising to the enemy.
投之无所往，死且不北，
If the army are placed in a position whence there is
no possible escape，they will prefer death to flight.
死焉不得，士人尽力。
When the army are placed in a position whence
there is no possible escape without risking death， both
officers and men will be obliged to do their utmost.
兵士甚陷则不惧，
When men are truly desperate， they will lose the
sense of fear.
无所往则固，
When men are conscious of the inevitable， they will
be firm.
深入则拘，
When men have penetrated deep into a hostile
country，they will be stubborn.
不得已则斗。
When men are aware that they cannot stop，they will
fight hard.
是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，
不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无馀
财，非恶货也；无馀命，非恶寿也。令发之日，
士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往
者，诸、刿之勇也。
Under these circumstances the army become alert，
willing， faithful and trustworthy though they are not
under the close surveillance of the commanding officers.
They will be free from superstitious fears and will not
deviate from their duties even unto death． They refuse to
accumulate private wealth not because they dislike
wealth． They are not afraid to give up their lives not
because they dislike longevity． Upon being ordered for
action men may weep and cry piteously but once they
find themselves in a desperate situation they will show
courage equal to that of Juan Ju and Tsaur Guay.
故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇
也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首
尾俱至。
The adepts in warfare act with speed and coor-
dination comparable to the movements of a kind of
snake found in the Charng Mountain. When one hits its
head he is attacked by its tail． When one hits its tail he is
attacked by its head． When one hits its middle he is
attacked by both head and tail.
敢问：兵可使如率然乎？曰：可。夫吴人与
越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也如
左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也。
If someone asks that whether or not an army can
act with such speed and coordination， the reply is in the
affirmative. For instance the people of Wu State and
Yueh State have long been enemies． Suppose some of
them should find themselves in the same boat caught in a
storm. They will readily cooperate for the common
rescue just as the left and right hands come to help each
other．When not confronted by a common danger they
will not trust one another even though they osten-
tatiously disarm themselves by tethering war horses and
burying chariot wheels．
齐勇若一，政之道也。
To make the army act in union like one man it de-
pends on the strict enforcement of discipline.
刚柔皆得，地之理也。
To enable the army to gain the best advantages un-
der all circumstances it depends on the correct ad-
aptation to terrain.
故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。
The adept in warfare can make the army obey like
one man as easily and willingly as if he leads them by the
hand.
将军之事，静以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳
目，使之无知。易其事，革其谋，使人无识；易
其居，迂其途，使人不得虑。帅与之期，如登高
而去其梯；帅与之深入诸侯之地，而发其机，
焚舟破釜；若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所
之。
It is the duty of the general to remain calm and in-
scrutable ；to be upright and strict． He must keep the army
in ignorance of his plans by presenting false appearances.
He must frequently alter his methods and schemes so
that no one can be sure of his intentions． He must fre-
quently change his arrangements and routes so that no
one can anticipate his movements． The hour for battle
should be decided suddenly just like one unexpectedly
kicking away the ladder by which he has ascened． After
the army have penetrated deep into the enemy's territory
he reveals his plans． When he wants to make a deter-
mined drive by burning boats and breaking up cooking
pots behind them，he should act like a shepherd who for-
ces his flock of sheep to run hither and thither without
their knowing the final destination.
聚三军之众，投之於险，此谓将军之事也。
It is the duty of the general to lead his army to face
dangers and to win victory in spite of dangers.
九地之变，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不
察。
One must not fail to understand thoroughly the
appropriate measures in dealing with the nine varieties
of situations， the expediency of offensive and delensive
tactics， and the various factors on account of human
nature.
凡为客之道：深则专，浅则散。
When fighting is on the enemy's territory the deeper
the penetration the stronger is the cohesion among the
invading forces． If the penetration is stopped early，
dissension is likely to appear among the invading forces.
去国越境而师者，绝地也。
When an army are fighting within the borders of
the enemy's state，they should consider themselves in the
Desperate Situation.
四达者，衢地也；
When they have occupied a key position leading to
neighbouring states，they should consider themselves in
the Commanding Situation.
入深者，重地也；
When they have penetrated deeply into the enemy's
country， they should consider themselves in the Serious
Situation.
入浅者，轻地也；
When they have penetrated but a short way into the
enemy's country， they should consider themselves in the
Facile Situation.
背固前隘者，围地也；
When an army are placed between strong fortresses
and narrow passes，they should consider themselves in the
Beleaguered Situation.
无所往者，死地也。
When they find themselves cut off from all means
of escape，they should consider themselves in the Des-
perate Situation.
是故散地，吾将一其志；
In the Dissentious Situatiion one should inspire all
the rank and file with the unity of purposes.
轻地，吾将使之属；
In the Facile Situation one should keep all parts of
his forces in close contact.
争地，吾将趋其後；
In the Critical Situation one should rush up all the
men that are left behind.
交地，吾将谨其守；
In the Open Situation one should do his best to
strengthen the defense works.
衢地，吾将固其结；
In the Commanding Situation one should do his
utmost to strengthen the ties between the allies.
重地，吾将继其食；
In the Serious Situation one should try to protect the
supply routes.
圮地，吾将进其涂；
In the Fearful Situation one should try to advance
as rapidly as possible.
围地，吾将塞其阙；
In the Beleaguered Situation one should close the
way of retreat.
死地，吾将示之以不活。
In the Desperate Situation one should show his
determination to risk death.
故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。
It is true of soldiers that when they are attacked
they will defend；when they are hard pressed they will
fight；when they are desperate they will do anything.
是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；
One must not enter into alliance with other state
sovereigns before he is well acquainted with their designs.
不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；
One must not conduct war before he is familiar
with the topography of the country-its mountains，
passes， lakes， rivers， etc.
不用乡导者，不能得地利。
One cannot turn natural advantages to account
unless he makes use of guides.
四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。
Failure to grasp any one of the above principles dis-
qualifies a sovereign to attain hegemony among the
States.
夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚；威加
於敌，则其交不得合。
One who enables his State to attain hegemony must
be able to do thus：When he fights against a more
powerful State he can contrive to prevent the enemy
from throwing their entire force upon him. When he
fights against a State of equal status he can contrive
to prevent the enemy from joining forces with their
allies．
是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之
私，威加於敌，故其城可拔，其国可隳。
One must neither try to contest against a com-
bination of States nor must he allow a single State to
become unduly powerful in the Empire. He tries to win
the confidence of those who are willing to serve his
purpose， and on the other hand to inspire awe in the
minds of his enemies． Thus he is able to capture cities and
overthrow States.
施无法之赏，悬无政之令，犯三军之众，若
使一人。
Because one does not make his designs known
beforehand when he gives reward or orders， he is able to
make the army obey like one man.
犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以
害。
He only orders the army to do certain things but
does not inform them of his plans． He only shows them
the way to gain a certain objective but does not inform
them of possible dangers.
投之亡地然後存；陷之死地然後生。夫众
陷於害，然後能为胜败。
When an army find themselves in a desparate
situation they will struggle for survival． When they are
threatened by death they will fight hard for life.For only
when they are beset with dangers will they do their
utmost to turn defeat into victory.
故为兵之事，在於顺详敌之意，
In the conduct of war one should be able to do
things in anticipation of the enemy's designs.
并敌一向，千里杀将，此谓巧能成事者也。
When a whole army is able to make a concentrated
effort， however distant the enemy， they can be defeated.
The secret of success lies in the employment of artifice.
是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使，
When war plans are decided upon after most careful
deliberations，the army should be prohibited to have
outside communlcations so that they are beyond the
reach of the enemy's emissaries.
厉於廊庙之上，以诛其事。
Every safeguard for secrecy must be taken when
war plans are being deliberated in the ancestral temple so
that they can be sure of successful execution.
敌人开阖，必亟入之。
When there is a chance to learn any secret about the
enemy it should be speedily seized upon.
先其所爱，微与之期。
One should contrive to seize first by secret fore-
stallment that which the enemy hold most dear.
践墨随敌，以决战事。
One should not be bound by fixed rules of conduct
but vary his plans according to the requirements of the
enemy with the sole object of winning a decisive victory.
是故始如处女，敌人开户，後如脱兔，敌不
及拒。
At the beginning one may appear as shy as a young
maiden when he tries to entice the enemy to war． After-
wards he must act as fast as a fleeing hare when he wants
to catch the enemy unprepared．'
译文
孙子说：根据用兵的原则，战地可分为散
地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围
地、死地等九类。诸侯在自己的领地上与敌作
战。这样的地区叫做「散地」；进入敌境不深的
地区，叫做［轻地」；我先占领对我有利，敌先
占领对敌有利的地区，叫做「争地」；我军可以
去，敌军可以来的地区，叫做「交地」；敌我和
其他诸侯国接壤的地区，先到就可以结交诸侯国
并取得诸俟列国支援的，叫做「衢地」；深入敌
境，越过许多敌人城邑的地区，叫做「重地」；
山林、险阻、沼泽等道路难行的地区，叫做「圮
地」进入的道路狭隘，退归的道路迂远，敌
人以少数兵力能击败我众多兵力的地区，叫做「
围地」；迅速奋战就能生存，不迅速奋战就会被
消灭的地区，叫做「死地」。因此，在「散地」
上，不宜作战；在［畦地」上，不宜停留；遇「
争地」应先敌占领，如果敌人已先占领，不可强
攻；在「交地」军队部署应相连接，防敌阻绝交
通；在「衢地」则应结交邻国；深入「重地」则
应夺取物资，就地补给；遇到「圮地」则应迅速
通过；陷入「围地」就要巧设奇谋；到了「死
地」要奋勇作战，死里求生。所谓古时善於用兵
的人，能使敌人前後不能相策应，大部队与小部
队不能相依靠，官兵不能相救援，上下隔断，无
法收拢，士卒溃散，无法聚集，即使聚集也很不
整齐。即使在这样条件下，也要坚持有利就行
动，不利就停止的原则，试问：「如果敌军众多
而且阵势整齐的向我进攻，该怎样对付它呢？」
回答是：「先夺取敌人的要害之处，这样，敌人
就会被迫听从我的调动了。」用兵的意旨就是要
迅速，乘敌人措手不及的时机，走敌人意料不到
的道路，攻击敌人没有戒备的地方。进入敌国作
战的用兵原则是：越深入敌境，军心越专一，敌
军越无法胜我；在富饶的地区夺取粮秣，使全军
得到足够的给养；注意休养士卒，不要使他们过
於疲劳，提高士气，积蓄力量；部署兵力，巧设
计谋，使敌人无法判断。把部队置於无路可走的
境地，虽死也不会败退；既然士卒死都不怕，上
下就会尽力而战了。士卒深陷危地，就会无所畏
惧，无路可走，军心就能稳固；深入敌国，行动
就不敢散漫；迫不得已，就会拼死战斗。因此这
种军队不待整治就能加强戒备；不须要求，都愿
意出力；不待约束，都能亲近相助；不待申令，
都会遵守纪律。禁止迷信，消除部队的疑惑，即
使战死也不逃跑。我军士卒没有多馀的钱财，不
是厌恶财物；我军士卒没有贪生怕死的，不是他
们不想长寿。当作战命令颁发的时候，士兵们坐
著的泪水沾湿了衣襟，躺著的泪流满面。把他们
置於无路可走的境地，就会像专诸、曹刿那样勇
敢了。所以，善用兵的人，就像「率然」一样。
所谓「率然」，乃是常山的一种蛇。打它的头，
尾巴就来救应，打它的尾，头就来救应，打它的
中部，头尾都来救应。试问：「可以使军队像率
然一样吗？」回答是：「可以。」吴国人与越国
人是相互仇恨的，可是，当他们同船渡河时，遇
到大风，他们也能互相救应，犹如一个人的左右
手一样。因此，想用系住马匹、埋起车轮的办法
来稳定军队，那是靠不住的。要使部队齐心奋
勇，在於组织指挥得法；要使强弱都能各尽其
力，在於恰当地利用地形。所以善於用兵的人，
提挈三军就像使用一个人一样容易，这是因为使
他不得不这样啊！将军的处事，要沈著冷静，幽
深莫测，管理部队公正而严明。能蒙蔽士卒的耳
目，使他们对军事计划一无所知；改变任务，变
更计谋，使人们无法识破机关；改变驻地，迂回
绕道，使人们无法推断意图。将帅赋予军队任
务，就像登高而抽去梯子一样，使他们有进无
退。率领军队深入诸侯国土，要像击发弩机射出
箭一样，使他们一往直前。烧棹船只，砸烂饭
锅，表示必死决心；像驱赶羊群一样，超过去，
赶过来，使他们不知道到底要到哪里去。聚集全
军士卒，投置於危险的境地，使他们拼死奋战，
这就是将军的责任。根据不同地区采取不同的行
动方针，适应情况，能屈能伸，对各种人员心理
状态的掌握，这些都是将帅不能不认真考察和仔
细研究的。大凡出国作战的原则，进入敌境越
深，士卒就越专心一致，进入得浅，就容易逃
散。离开本国进入敌境作战的地区就是［绝
地」；四通八达的地区叫做「衢地」；进入敌境
深的地区叫做「重地」；进入浅的地区叫做「轻
地」；後险前狭的地区叫做［围地」；无处可走
的地区叫做「死地」。因此，在「散地」上，我
就要使军队统一意志；在「轻地」上，就要使部
队前後连接；遇「争地」，我就要急进，抄至敌
後；逢「交地」，就要谨慎防守；在「衢地」
上，就要加强与都国的交往；在「重地」上，就
要保证军队食粮的不断供应；在「圮地」上，就
要迅速通过；陷入「围地」，就要堵塞在缺口；
到了「死地」，就要显示死战的决心。士卒的心
理状态，被包围就会抵抗，迫不得已就会拼死战
斗，陷於危险的境地，就会听从指挥。所以，不
了解列国诸侯战略动向，就不要与之结交；不熟
悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形的，就不能行军；不
使用向导的，不能得地利。对於「九地」的利
害，有一样不了解，就不能算是霸、王的军队。
霸、王的军队，进攻大国，可使其军民来不及动
员、集中；威力加在敌人头上，可使其不能同别
国结交。因此，不必争著同哪一国结交，也不必
在他国培植自己的权势，只要依靠自己的力量，
把威力加在敌人头上，就可以夺取敌人的城邑，
毁灭其国家。施行超出惯例的奖赏，颁发打破常
规的号令；指挥全军之众如同使唤一个人一样。
叫他们去执行任务，不必说明为什麽；叫他们去
夺利，不必告诉他们有什麽危险。把军队投入危
地才能保存，使士卒陷入「死地」，才能得生。
士卒陷入危险的境地，然後才能力争胜利。所
以，指挥作战，在於假装顺从敌人的意图，一旦
有机可乘，便集中兵力指向敌人一处，长驱千
里，擒杀敌将，这就是所谓巧妙能成大事的意
思。因此，当决定战争行动的时候，就要封锁关
口，废除通行凭证，停止与敌国的使节往来，在
庙堂上反覆计议，作出战略决策。敌人一有空
隙，就要迅速乘机而入。先要夺取敌人的战略要
地，但不要轻易同敌人约期会战。实施计划要随
敌情的变化而不断加以改变，灵活决定军事行
动。所以，战争开始要像处女那样沈静，不露声
色，使敌人放松戒备，战争展开之复，要像脱兔
一样迅速行动，使敌人来不及抗拒。