孙子曰：凡兴师十万，出兵千里，百姓之
费，公家之奉，日费干金；内外骚动，怠於道
路，不得操事者，七十万家。
Sun Tzu said，‘ To raise an army of l00，000 men
and to campaign over a distance of one thousand lii，it
entails heavy expenses on the government and people.
Each day as much as thousands of taels of silver may be
spent. The life of every class of people is disturbed and
hordes of people are driven to toil on the road． As many
as 700，000 families are thus rendered impossible to
pursue their ordinary occupations.
相守数年，以争一日之胜，而爱爵禄百金，
不知敌之情者，不仁之至也，非人之将也，非主
之佐也，非胜之主也。
If armies are forced to fight for years for a victory
which can be won in a single day simply because one is
parsimonious in rewarding men to espy the enemy's
conditions， he shows an extreme lack of benevolence
toward his own people. Such a man cannot be a good
leader of men， a useful assistant of the sovereign or an
able master of victory.
故明君贤将，所以动而胜人，成功出於众
者，先知也。
what enabels the wise sovereign and the good gen-
eral to win victories， to achieve successes more than
others， is that he possesses beforehand information
regarding the enemy.
先知者不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可验
於度，必取於人，知敌之情也。
This information cannot be obtained by offering
prayers to gods and spirits； nor by inductive thinking；
nor by deductive calculation. It can be obtained only
from men who have a thorough knowledge of the en-
emy's conditions．
故用间有五：
Hence there is the need of espionage which has five
different kinds：
有因间，
1． The Local Spies
有内间，
2． The lnside Spies
有反间，
3． The Converted Spies
有死间，
4． The Doomed Spies
有生间。
5． The Missionary Spies
五间俱起，莫知其道，是为神纪，人君之宝
也。
When these five kinds of espionage are employed
together and when the enemy are unaware of their
existence， they can work wonders and become the most
valuable aid to the sovereign.
因间者，因其乡人而用之。
The Local Spies are recruited from the inhabitants
of the country.
内间者，因其官人而用之。
The lnside Spies are recruited from the discontented
officials of the enemy.
反间者，因其敌间而用之。
The Converted Spies are recruited from the men
whom the enemy have sent to do espionage work.
死间者，为诳事於外，令吾间知之，而传於
敌间也。
The Doomed Spies are those who having purposely
imparted false information are denounced to the enemy
by their unknown colleagues.
生间者，反报也。
The Missionary Spies are those who are ostensibly
sent on some mission but who secretly bring back useful
information.
故三军之事，莫亲於间，赏莫厚於间，事莫
密於间。
In the whole army none should be more favourable
regarded than the spies； none should be more liberally
rewarded than the spies； and none should work with
greater secrecy than the spies.
非圣智不能用间，非仁义不能使间，非微妙
不能得间之实。
Only the sagacious and wise can successfully use
espionage. Only the benevolent and righteous can find
right men to do espionage. Only with subtlety and in-
genuity can one make use of the results of espionage.
微哉微哉，无所不用间也！
When one is ingenuous he can obtain secret infor-
mation about everything.
间事未发，而先合者，间与所告者皆死。
If one reports the findings of a spy before they are
made public， both the informant and the spy should be
put to death.
凡军之所欲击，城之所欲攻，人之所欲杀，
必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓
名，今吾间必索知之。
Whether one wants to attack an army， to storm a
city， or to assassinate an individual， he must first possess
information as regards the names of the commanding
officer， the aide-de-camp， the servants and the porters.
Spies must be sent to ascertain the required information.
必索敌人之间来间我者，因而利之，导而舍
之，故反间可得而用也。
Efforts must be made to ferret out the enemy's spies.
When they are found they must be bribed and well
treated so that they may become Converted Spies willing
to work against their former masters.
因是而知之，故乡间、内间可得而使也；
因是而知之，故死间为诳事，可使告敌；因是
而知之，故生间可使如期。
Through the medium of Converted Spies one can
recruit the services of Local Spies and the lnside Spies.
Also through the medium of Converted Spies one can
make them denounce the Doomed Spies who have pur-
posely imparted false information to the enemy． Also it is
through the medium of Convertred Spies that the
Missionary Spies are enabled to work according to plan.
五间之事，主必知之，知之必在於反间。
故反间不可不厚也。
The common object of these five different kinds of
espionage is to obtain information about the enemy． The
surest way to obtain information about the enemy is
through the Converted Spies． Therefore， the Converted
Spies must be treated with utmost liberality.
昔殷之兴也，伊挚在夏；周之兴也，吕牙
在殷。
Formerly， Shang Dynasty owed its rise to I Yiin
who was an official in the government of Shiah
Dynasty； and Jou Dynasty owed its rise to Leu Ya who
was an official in the government of Shang Dynasty.
故惟明君贤将，能以上智为间者，必成大
功，此兵之要，三军之所恃而动也。
Therefore， only the enlightened sovereigns and wise
generals know how to employ men of the highest intel-
ligence to work as spies． Because of this fact they are sure
of great successes． For espionage work is most important
in the conduct of war， and on it depend the movements
and actions of the army.'
译文
孙子说：凡是出兵十万，干里征战，百姓的
耗费，国家的开支，每天要花费千金；全国内外
动乱不安，运输军需物资的队伍疲惫於道路，不
能从事耕作的有七十万家。战争双方相持数年，
是为了取胜於一旦，如果吝啬爵禄和金钱不重用
间谍，以致不能了解敌人情况而致失败，那就
太「不仁」了。这样的将帅，不是军队的好将
帅，不是国君的好助手；这样的国君，不是能打
胜仗的好国君。英明的国君，良好的将帅，之所
以一出兵就能战胜敌人，其成功超出众人者，就
在於事先了解情况。要事先了解情况，不可用祈
求鬼神的方法去取得，不可用相似的事情作类比
推测吉凶，也不可以用观察日月星辰运行位置去
验证，一定要从了解敌情的人那里去获得。使用
的间有五种：有「因间」、「内间」、「反
间」、「死间」、「生间」。五种间谍都使用起
来，就能使敌人莫测高深，这就是所谓「神
纪」，是国君致胜的法宝。所谓「因间」，是指
利用敌国乡里的普通人做间谍。所谓「内间」，
是指收买敌国的官吏做间谍。所谓「反间」，是
指收买或利用敌方派来的间谍为我效力。所谓「
死间」，是指故意散布假情况，让我方间谍知道
而传给敌方，敌人上当後往往将其处死。所谓「
生间」，是指派往敌方侦察後，能活著回来报告
敌情的人。所以在军队的人事中，没有比间谍更
亲信的，奖赏没有比间谍更优厚的，事情没有比
用间谍更机密的。不是才智过人的不能使用间
谍，不是「仁义」慷慨的人，不能指使间谍；不
是用心精细、手段微妙的人不能取得间谍的真实
情报。微妙啊！微妙啊！无处不可使用间谍呀。
间谍工作尚未进行，就被泄露出去，间谍和他所
告诉的人都要处死。凡是要攻击的敌军，要攻占
的城邑，要击杀的敌方人员，必须预先了解主管
将帅及其左右。
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