孙子日：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡
之道，不可不察也。
    Sun  Tzu  said，“  War  is  a  matter  of  vital  importance
to  the  State.  It  concerns  with  the  life  and  death，  and  on  it
hinges  the  rise  and  fall  of  a  State.  Therefore  it  must  need
most  careful  study.
        故经之以五事校之以计，而索其情。
    In  considering  the  conduct  of  war  the  deliberation
and  comparison  should  be  based  on  five  principles  which
are  as  follows：
        一曰道，
        1．The Moral Cause
        二曰天，
        2．The Climatic Conditions
        三曰地，
        3．The Terrestrial Conditions
        四曰将，
        4. The Generalship of Commanders
        五曰法。
        5  The Organization and Discipline
        道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可
    以与之生，而不畏危。
        The  Moral  Cause is  that  Which  enables  the  whole
people  to  be  in  perfect  accord  With  the  leader， for  which
they  are  willing  to  give  up  their  lives， and  because  of
which  they  loyally  follow  him  through  thick  and  thin.
        天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。
        The  Climatic  Conditions  concern  with  the  wea-
ther, seasons  and  times-favourable  or  unfavourable.
        地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。
        The  Terrestrial  Conditions  concern  with  the  dis-
tance  and  nature  of  the  terrain-long  or  short， advan-
tageous  or  disadvantageous， safe  or  dangerous.
        将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。
        The  Generalship  of  Commanders  signifies  wisdom，
faith， compassion， courage  and  rigour.
        法者，曲制、官道、主用也。
        The  Organization  and  Discipline  signifies  the  order
and  skill  of  management  of  men  and  affairs  so  that  ev-
erything  can  be  employed  to  the  best  advantage.
        凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不
胜。
        These  five  principles  should  be  thoroughly
understood  by  every  general，He  who  knows  them
well  can  win  victories；  he  who  knows  them  not  must
suffer  defeats。
        故校之以计，而索其情。曰：
        Therefore  when  considering  the  means  and  con-
ditions  of  war  the  deliberations  must  be  conducted  in  this
Wise：
        主孰有道？
        Between  the  two  sovereigns  who  has  a  better  moral
cause？
        将孰有能？
        Between  the  two  commanders  who  has  better  gen-
eralship？
        天地孰得？
        Which  side  has  the  advantages  of  climate  and  ter-
rain？
        法令孰行？
        Which  side  has  better  order  and  discipline？
        兵众孰强？
        Which  side  has  a  superior  army  ？
        士卒孰练？
        which  side  has  better  trained  officers  and  men?
        赏罚孰明？
        Which  side  has  a  better  system  of  rewards  and  pun-
    ishments？
        吾以此知胜负矣。
        On  the  basis  of  the  answers  to  these  queries  we  can
    forecast  the  outcome  of  war-victory  or  defeat.
        将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；
        The  generals  who  can  deliberate  in  this  fashion  will
    surely  win  victories  and  efforts  must  be  made  to  retain
    their  services.
        将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。
        The  generals  who  faiI  to  deliberate  in  this  fashion
    will  surely  suffer  defeats，and  they  must  be  dismissed
    from  service.
        计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外；势者，因
    利而制权也。
        One  should  follow  that  which  is  most  profitable.  He
    should  also  be  prepared  to  deal  with  all  emergencies  and
    to  modify  plans  to  suit  the  requirements  of  changing
    circumstances  with  the  object  of  obtaining  the  best  re-
    sults.
    兵者，诡道也。
    All  warfare  is  based  on  deception。
    故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，
    Therefore，when  capable， feign  incapacity； when
active， inactivity.
    近而示之远，远而示之近。
    When  near,  make  it  appear  that  you  are  far  away；
when  far  away，  that  you  are  near。
    利而诱之，乱而取之，
    Offer  the  enemy  a  bait  to  lure  him；  feign  disorder
and  strike  him.
    实而备之，强而避之，
    When  he  concentrates，  prepare  against  him；  where
he  is  strong，avoid  him。
    怒而挠之，卑而骄之，
    Anger  his  general  and  confuse  him.  Pretend  in-
feriority  and  encourage  his  arrogance。
    佚而劳之，亲而离之。
    Keep  him  under  a  strain  and  wear  him  down.  When
he  is  united，divide  him.
        攻其无备，出其不意。
        Attack  where  he  is  unprepared；  sally  out  when  he
    does  not  expect  you。
        此兵家之胜，不可先传也。
        These  are  the  strategist's  keys  to  victory，  It  is  not
    possible  to  discuss  them  beforehand．
        夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙
    算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况
    於无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。
        The  general  who  is  able  to  make  careful  deli-
    berations  beforehand  can  win  victory，  He  who  is  unable
    to  make  careful  deliberations  must  suffer  defeat．  Careful
    planning  will  lead  to  victory．  Careless  planning  will  lead
    to  defeat．  How  much  more  certain  is  defeat  when there  is
    no  planning  at  all！  From  the  way  how  a  war  is  planned
    beforehand  we  can  forecast  victory  or  defeat．'
                  译文
    孙子说：战争是国家的大事，关系人民的生
死，国家的存亡，是不可以不认真考察研究的。
所以，要从以下五个方面分析研究，比较敌对双
方的优劣条件，以探索战争胜负的情势；一是
道，二是天，三是地，四是将，五是法。所谓「
道」，指政治，道义，是要使民众与国君的意愿
一致，同心同德，这样，在战争中可以叫民众为
国君死，为国君生，而不怕危险。所谓「天」，
天时，是指昼夜、阴晴、寒冷、酷暑等气候季节
情况。所谓「地」，地利，是指路途的远近，地
势的险要与平坦，作战地域的广阔与狭窄，地形
是否有利於攻守进退等条件。所谓［将」，将
帅，是指将帅的才智、诚信、仁慈、勇敢、威严
等。所谓「法」，法制，是指军队的组织编制情
况，指挥信号的规定，将校的职掌区分，军事物
资的供应和管理制度等。以上五个方面情况，将
帅们是不能不知道的。只有了解和掌握这些情况
的才能获胜，不真正了解掌握的就不能取胜。所
以，要从七个方面比较计算敌我双方的条件，以
探索战争胜败的情势。就是说要看：哪一方的国
君政治开明？哪一方的将帅比较有才能？哪一方
天时地利更有利？哪一方的法令贯彻执行更彻
底？哪一方军队的实力更强大？哪一方的士兵训
练有素？哪一方的赏罚更严明？根据这些，我们
就可以预计判断谁胜谁负了。如果能听从我的计
谋，让我指挥作战，则战争能胜利，我就留下；
如果不能听从我的计谋，虽然用我去指挥作战，
战争必然会失败，我就离去。如果有利的计策已
被采纳，还要设法制造有利的态势，作为外部条
件辅助战争的进行。所谓「势」，就是根据情况
是否有利而采取的相应行动。用兵打仗是一种诡
诈的行为。常常是能攻，装作不能攻；要打，装
作不想打；要向近处行动，却装作向远处行动；
要向远处行动，却装作向近处行动。对贪利的敌
人给以小利，去引诱它；对处在混乱状态的敌
人，要乘机去攻取它。敌人力量充实，我们要防
偿它；敌人兵力强大，我们要避开它。对於易怒
的敌人，要用挑逗的办法去刺激它；对於卑视我
方的敌人，则促使其更骄傲。对于修整得好的敌
人，要想设法让它疲惫不堪；对於内部和睦的敌
人，要想法离间它。要在敌人无准备的状态下实
施攻击，要在敌人意想不到的情况下采取行动。
这些都是军事家取胜的奥妙，但又是不能事先机
械地规定的。凡是开战之前，在庙堂中计划，预
计可以打胜仗的，是因为策划周密，胜利条件
多；未开战之前预计不能取胜的，是因为计算不
周，得胜条件不充分。计算周密，胜利条件多
的，就可能取胜；计算不周，得胜条件少，就不
能胜敌，何况根本不计算，没有获胜的条件呢！
我们从这些方面来考察，谁胜谁负就可以预见                
了。