孙子曰：凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次
之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次
之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次
之。
Sun Tzu said，‘ In the conduct of war it is preferable
to subdue a State whole and intact than to destroy it； to
subdue an army whole and intact than to destory it； to
subdue a division whole and intact than to destory it； to
subdue a company whole and intact than to destory it； to
subdue a squad whole and intact than to destory it.
是故百战百胜，非善之善者也。不战而屈
人之兵，善之善者也。
To win every battle by actual fighting before a war
is won， it is not the most desirable。 To conquer the enemy
without resorting to war is the most desirable.
故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻
城；攻城之法，为不得已。
The highest form of generalship is to conquer the
enemy by strategy． The next highest form of generalship
is to conquer the enemy by alliance. The still next highest
form of generalship is to conquer the enemy by battles.
The worst form of generalship is to conquer the enemy
by besieging walled cities.
修橹 ，具器械，三月而后成，距 又三
月而后已；将不胜其忿，而蚁附之，杀士三分
之一，而城不拔者，此攻之炎也。
The besieging of walled cities should be avoided
whenever it is possible. For it requires no less than three
months to complete preparations in collecting the
necessary weapons， and another three months in building
up mounds before the walls can be scaled． During this
time the commander may become impatient of waiting
and recklessly launch attacks． In so doing he may lose as
many as one man out of every three without reducing the
city to submission. Such are the disastrous resuIts of
laying siege to a walled city.
故善用兵者，屈人之兵，而非战也；拔人
之城，而非攻也；毁人之国，而非久也。必以
全争于天下，故兵不顿，而利可全。此谋攻之
法也。
Therefore the adepts in warfare are those who can
conquer the enemy without fighting battles， capture
cities without laying siege to them， and annex States
without prolonged warfare. They can preserve their own
forces whole and intact while struggling for the mastery
of the entire Empire． They can win a complete victory
without as much as wearying their men. All this is due to
the use of strategy.
故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分
之，
In the conduct of war when the enemy are out-
numbered by ten to one the best thing is to surround
them； five to one the best thing is to attack them； two to
one the best thing is to divide them.
敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。
故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。
When the two forces are evenIy matched the best
thing is to take the offensive； when the enemy's forces
are larger and superior to a small extent only， the best
thing is to prepare for defense； when the enemy's forces
are larger and superior to a great extent， the best thing is
dodge their attacks． For however obstinately a small
force may fight， it must in the end succumb to a larger
and superior force.
夫将者，国之辅也，辅周则国必强，辅隙则
国必弱。
The generals are the guardians of the State. If they
are proficient in the art of war their State is sure to be
strong； if they are deficient in the art of war their State is
sure to be weak.
故君之所以患于军者三：
A state sovereign may bring disasters upon the army
in three different ways：
不知军之不可以进，而谓之进；不知军不
可以退，而谓之退；是谓縻军。
He orders the army to advance or to retreat when
they should not do so. This means interference in mi－
litary command.
不知三军之事，而同三军之政者，则军士惑
矣。
He applies the same methods in dealing with mili－
tary affairs as with civil affairs． This causes disorder in
the army。
不知三军之权，而同三军之任，则军士疑
矣。
He appoints men who are ignorant of military sci-
ence to responsible military posts． This causes lack of
faith in the minds of officers and men.
三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱
军引胜。
When the army are beset with disorder and lack of
faith the other state sovereigns are sure to take advantage
and cause troubles． By bringing disorder into the army it
is tantamount to inviting defeat by the enemy.
故知胜有五：
There are five ways by which one can win victories：
知可以战与不可以战者胜；
He who knows when to fight and when not to fight
will win.
识众寡之用者胜；
He who knows how to match a large force with a
small force will win.
上下同欲者胜；
He who has the whole-hearted support of all rank
and file will win.
以虞待不虞者胜；
He who is well prepared to seize favourable oppor-
tunities will win.
将能而君不御者胜。
He who possesses generalship and at the same time is
free from interference by his sovereign will win.
此五者，知胜之道也。
These are five roads to sure victory.
故曰：知彼知己者百战不殆；不知彼而知
己，一胜一负；不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。
Therefore it may be said： He who has a thorough
knowledge of his own conditions as well as the conditions
of the enemy is sure to win in all battles． He who has a
thorough knowledge of his own conditions but not the
conditions of the enemy has an even chance of winning
and losing a battle. He who has neither a thorough
knowledge of his own conditions nor of the enemy's is
sure to lose in every battle.
译文
孙子说：大凡用兵的法则，使敌人举国完整
地屈服是上策，击破敌国就差些；使敌人全军完
整地屈服是上策，击破它就差些；使敌人全旅完
整地屈服是上策，击破它就差些；使敌人全伍完
整地屈服是上策，击破它就差些；因此，百战百
胜，还不算高明中最高明的，不战而使敌人屈
服，才算得是高明中最高明的。所以用兵的上策
是以谋略胜敌，其次是通过外交手段取胜，再次
是使用武力战胜敌人，最下策是攻城。攻城的办
法是不得已的。制造战车，准备器械，三个月才
能完成；构筑攻城用的土山，又要三个月才能完
工。将帅非常焦躁忿怒，驱使士卒像蚂蚁一般去
爬梯攻城。士卒伤亡了三分之一，而城还是攻不
下来，这就是攻城的灾害。所以，善于用兵打仗
的人，使敌军屈服而不用直接交战，夺取敌人的
城堡而不用硬攻，毁灭敌人的国家而不需久战，
一定要用全胜的谋略来取胜于天下。这样，军队
就不至於疲惫受挫，而胜利可以完满地取得，这
就是谋攻的法则。所以用兵的法则，有十倍于敌
的兵力就包围敌人；有五倍于敌的兵力就进攻敌
人；有一倍于敌人的兵力，就要设法分散敌人；
同敌人兵力相等，就要善于战胜敌人；兵力比敌
人少，就要善于摆脱敌人；实力比敌人弱，就要
避免与敌人决战。所以弱小的军队如果只知硬
拼，就会成为强大敌人的俘虏。将帅是国君的助
手，辅助得周密，国家一定强盛，辅助得有缺
陷，国家一定衰弱。国君可能不利于军队行动的
情况有三种：不了解军队不可以前进而硬叫军队
前进，不了解军队不可以后退而硬叫军队后退，
这叫做束缚军队；不懂得军队的内部事务而干预
军队行政，将士就会迷惑不解；不懂用兵的权谋
而干预军队的指挥，将士就会产生疑虑。军队既
迷惑又疑虑，各诸侯国乘隙进攻的灾难就会临
头，这就是所谓自己扰乱自己而导致敌人的胜
利。所以，有五种情况可以预见到胜利：知道什
么情况可以打，什么情况不可以打的，能胜
利；懂得根据兵力多少而采取不同战法的，能胜
利；官兵有共同欲望、上下齐心协力的，能胜
利；以有准备对待没有准备的，能胜利；将帅有
指挥才能而国君不加以牵制的，能胜利。这五
条，是预见胜利的方法。所以说，了解敌人，了
解自己，百战都不会失败；不了解敌人而了解自
己，胜败的可能各半；不了解敌人也不了解自
己，那就每战必败。