孙子曰：凡处军、相敌：绝山依谷；视生处
高；战隆无登；此处山之军也。
Sun Tzu said，“ In the following we deal with the
question of encamping the army and the question of
making observations of the enemy： One should avoid
mountains but keep to the valleys； encamp on highlands
but not fight uphill． This much concerns with mountain
warfare.
绝水必远水；客绝水而来，勿迎之於水
内，令半济而击之，利；欲战者，无附於水而迎
客；视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。
After crossing a river one should take up a position
at some distance from it． While the enemy's boats are
coming toward him he should not try to intercept them
in mid-stream. It is advantageous to attack them when
they are about to land． When he is anxious to engage the
enemy in battle he must not be seen to wait for them by
the river． He should encamp on highlands but not fight
upstream. This mush concerns with river warfare.
绝斥泽，惟亟去无留，若交军於斥泽之中，
必依水草而背众树；此处斥泽之军也。
When crossing marshes one should travel as fast as
possible without the least delay． If he is forced to fight in
a marsh he must stay where there are reeds with his back
against a clump of trees． This much concerns with mar-
shy land warfare.
平陆处易，而右背高，前死後生。此处平
陆之军也。
In the open country one should encamp on
highlands with the right and back well protected by
some height so that only the front is open to attacks
and the rear is covered for safe retreat． This much
concerns with open country warfare.
凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。
Because Hwang Emperor was well versed in these
four kinds of warfare he was able to vanquish other feu-
dal lords.
凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处
实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。
All armies prefer high grounds to low gorunds， sun-
ny places to shady places． If one takes good care of the
daily food and living quarters of the army， they can be
free from diseases and are sure to win.
丘陵堤防，必处其阳，而右背之。此兵之
利，地之助也。
when it is necessary to encamp on hills or mounds
one should always try to occupy the sunny side with the
back toward them. This shows how an army are profited
by natural advantages.
上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。
When it is necessary to ford a stream during a tor-
rential rainfall one must wait till the water begins to
subside.
凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天
隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾
迎之，敌背之。
When one comes to a country where there are pre-
cipitous cliffs， deep caverns， inaccessible recesses， tangled
thickets， treacherous quagmires or dangerous crevasses he
must depart as fast as possible without approaching
them. He should keep away from such a country but try
to drive the enemy towards it． He should stand facing
them and let them be in the rear of the enemy.
军行有险阻、潢井、葭苇、山林、翳荟者，
必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。
When an army find themselves in the neighbour.
hood of dangerous passes， ponds filled with reeds or
woods full of thick undergrowth， a most careful and
thorough search is necessary． For these places may be the
hideouts for the enemy.
敌近而静者，恃其险也；
When the enemy are approached and they appear
undisturbed， it indicates that they are confident of
protection.
远而挑战者，欲人之进也；
when the enemy come out a long way to challenge，
it indicates that they anxious for the other party to
approach.
其所居易者，利也。
When the enemy occupy a position seemingly easy
of access， it indicates that they are holding out a bait.
众树动者，来也；
when there is motion in a forest， it indicates that
the enemy are approaching.
众草多障者，疑也。
when the thick grass are bestrown with obstacles，it
indicates that the enemy intend to mislead.
鸟起者，伏也；
when birds are seen suddenly arise in flight，it
indicates that the enemy are lying in ambush.
兽骇者，覆也。
when beasts are seen startled out of their haunts，it
indicates that the enemy are staging a sudden attack.
尘高而锐者，车来也；
When clouds of dust rise in high column，it indicates
the approach of chariots.
卑而广者，徒来也；
When clouds of dust rise in low columns over a large
area， it indicates the approach of infantry.
散而条达者，樵采也；
When clouds of dust are scattered in different di-
rections， it indicates that the enemy are collecting
firewood.
少而往来者，营军也。
When clouds of dust are few and moving about，it
indicates that the enemy are encamping.
辞卑而益备者，进也；
When the speech of the enemy’s messengers is
humble and at the same time increasing preparations are
being made， it indicates that they are about to advance.
辞强而进驱者，退也；
When the speech of the enemy's messengers is
arrogant and at the same time their movements appear
hasty， it indicates that they are about to retreat.
轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；
When light chariots are seen advancing along the
flanks, it indicates that the enemy have already com-
pleted formation for battle array.
无约而请和者，谋也；
When without warning of distress the enemy
suddenly sue for peace， it indicates a plot.
奔走而陈兵车者，期也；
When there is a good deal of unusual bustle and
hustle in the enemy's camps， it indicates that the time for
their action has arrived.
半进半退者，诱也。
When the enemy appear to be advancing and re-
treating half-heartedly， it indicates a ruse to allure.
杖而立者，饥也；
When men are seen leaning upon their weapons，it
indicates a scarcity of food supply.
汲而先饮者，渴也；
When water-carriers scramble to quench thirst，it
indicates a scarcity of water supply.
见利而不进者，劳也。
When the enemy refuse to seize some sure adv-
antage， it indicates that they are weary.
鸟集者，虚也；
When flocks of birds are seen frequently， it in-
dicates that the place is deserted by men.
夜呼者，恐也；
When men are heard crying during the night，it
indicates that they are suffering from fear.
军扰者，将不重也；
When there is frequent commotion among the rank
and file， it indicates the absence of strong authority.
旌旗动者，乱也；
When banners and flags are seen shifting about，it
indicates the presence of seditious movement.
吏怒者，倦也；
When the officers easily get angry with their men，it
indicates that they are weary of war.
栗马肉食，军无悬 ，不返其舍者，穷寇
也。
When horses are fed with grain and men are feasted
with meat， when cooking pots are broken up and men do
not intend to return to their quarters， it indicates that
they are determined to pursue the enemy to the utmost
limit.
谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也；
When men are seen whispering and murmuring，it
indicates a general dissatisfaction among the rank and
file.
数赏者，窘也；
When the commanding officer is obliged to use
frequent rewards， it indicates that the army are near the
end of resources.
数罚者，困也；
When the commanding officer is obliged to use
frequent punishments， it indicates that the army are in
dire distress.
先暴而後畏其众者，不精之至也；
When the commanding officer has to play first the
role of a bully and then that of a coward toward his men，
it indicates an extreme lack of order and discipline.
来委谢者，欲休息也。
When the enemy send envoys with lavish com-
pliments． It indicates that they desire peace.
兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察
之。
When the enemy appear to be greatly provoked but
remain still for a long time without either joining battle
or going away，it indicates the need of extreme caution
and vigilance.
兵非益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、
取人而已。
The strength of an army does not lie in more
numbers． Their advance does not depend on more valour.
If one can concentrate all available forces and anticipate
correctly he can surely vanquish the enemy.
夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒於人。
He who fails to plan ahead and at the same time
underestimates the enemy is bound to suffer defeat.
卒未亲附而罚之，则不服，不服则难用也。
卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用也。
When men are punished before they have had a
chance to feel the affectionate regard of their superior，
they will not obey with heart and soul and they cannot
be trusted. On the other hand men who know the affec-
tionate regard of their superior and yet refuse to accept
discipline cannot be trusted either.
故令之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。
When an army prove amenable to civil treatment as
well as military discipline， they will surely become in-
vincible.
令素行以教其民，则民服；
译文
孙子说：凡军队行军作战和战场观察判断敌
情时，应该注意以下原则：通过山地，必须沿著
山谷行进；驻在高处，使前面视界开阔；如果敌
人占领高地，不要仰攻。这是在山地行军作战的
原则。横渡江河，要在离江河稍远的地方驻扎；
敌人渡水而来，不要在水中迎击，让它渡过一半
时去攻击它，这样才有利；要与敌军决战，不要
紧靠水边列阵；沿江河驻扎军队也应驻在高处，
使前面视界开阔，不要在敌军下游驻扎或布阵。
这些是在江河地带行军作战的原则。通过盐 沼
泽地带，要迅速离开，不宜逗留；如在盐 沼泽
地带与敌军遭遇，那就必需靠近水草而背靠树
林，这是在盐 沼泽地带行军作战的原则。在平
原上应占领开阔地域，主要的翼侧和后方应倚
托高地，前低後高，这是在平原地带行军作战的
原则。掌握这四种「处军」（注一）原则的好处，
是黄帝之所以能够战胜「四帝」（注二）的重要
原因。大凡驻军，总是喜好乾燥的高地而厌恶潮
湿低洼的地方，要求向阳，回避阴湿，驻扎在便
於生活和地势高的地方，这样军中就不至於发生
各种疾病，这是军队必胜的一个重要条件。丘
陵、堤防驻军，必须驻扎在向阳的一面，并且把
主要的翼侧和後方倚托着它。这些对於用兵都是
有利的，是得自地形的辅助的。上游下雨，水沫
冲来，如果要徒涉通过，应等待水势平稳以後再
渡。凡遇到「绝涧」（注三）、「天井」（注
四）、「天牢」（注五）、「天罗」（注六）、「天
陷」（注七）、［天隙」（注八）等地形，必须迅
速离开，不要靠近。我远离它，让敌人去接近
它；我面向它，让敌人去背靠它。军队在悬崖绝
壁的隘路、湖沼、芦苇丛生的低洼地、草木繁茂
的山林地区行动，必须谨慎地反覆搜索，这些都
是敌人可能设下埋代或隐蔽侦探的地方。敌军离
我很近而仍保持安静的，是倚仗它据有险要的地
形；敌军离我很远而来挑战的，是企图诱我前
进；敌军之所以不居险要而居平地，定有它的好
处和用意。许多树木摇动的，是敌人隐蔽前来；
丛草中有许多遮蔽物，是敌企图迷惑我；群鸟突
然飞起，是下面有伏兵；走兽到处乱跑，是敌人
大举来袭；尘土高而尖的，是敌人的战车开来；
尘土低而宽广的，是敌人的步兵来了；尘土疏散
而细长的，是敌人在打柴；尘土少而时起时落
的，是敌人正在扎营。敌方的使者言词谦卑而实
际上又在加紧战备的，是要向我进攻；措词强硬
而军队又做出向我进逼姿态的，是准备後退；敌
战车先出并占据翼侧的，是布列阵势（注九）；
没有预先约定而来讲和的，其中必有阴谋；敌军
急速奔走并摆开兵车列阵的，是期求与我决战；
敌军半进半退的，是企图引诱我军。敌军倚著兵
器而站立的，是饥饿缺粮的表现；敌兵打水而急
於先饮的，是乾渴缺水的表现；敌人见利而不前
进的，是由於疲劳过度。敌方营寨上有飞鸟停集
的，下面是空营；敌营夜间有人惊呼的，说明敌
军心理恐惧；敌军惊扰的，是敌军将帅没有威
严；敌营旗帜摇动不整齐的，是敌人队伍已经混
乱；敌人官吏急躁易怒的，是全军疲倦的表现；
敌人用粮食喂马，杀牲口吃，收起炊具，不返回
营寨的，是准备拼命突围的穷寇；低声下气同部
下讲话的，是敌将失去人心；一再奖励士卒的，
是没有办法；不断惩罚部属的，是处於困境；先
凶暴後又害怕部下的，是最不精明的将领；敌人
派来使者谈判，措词委婉态度谦逊的，是想休兵
息战。敌军盛怒前来，但久不交锋，又不离去，
必须谨慎地观察其意图。兵力不在於愈多愈好，
只要不轻敌冒进，并能集中兵力，判明敌情，必
能取胜。只有那种无深谋远虑而又轻敌的人，势
必成为敌人的俘虏。将帅在士卒还未亲近依附时
就处罚士卒，士卒会不服，不服就很难使用。士
卒已经依附之後，如果法纪不能执行，这样的队
伍也不能用来作战。所以，要用「文」的手段即
用政治道义教育士卒，用「武」的方法即用军纪
军法来统一步调，这样的军队打起仗来就必定胜
利。平素能认真贯彻命令、教育士卒，士卒就能
养成服从的习惯；平素不认真贯彻命令、教育士
卒，士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。命令平素能得
以认真贯彻执行，是由於将帅与士卒相互取得信
任的缘故。
（注一）「处军」：四种地形利用的原则。
（注二）「四帝」：四周的其他民族。（曹操曰：
「黄帝始立，四方诸侯无不称
帝，以此四地胜之也。」）
（注三）「绝涧」：前後险峻，水横其中，断绝人
行。
（注四）「天井」：四面高峻，溪水所归，天然大
井。
（注五）「天牢」：三面环绝，易进难出，天然牢
狱。
（注六）「天罗」：草木深密，行动困难，天然罗
网。
（注七）「天陷」：地势低洼，道路泥泞，天然陷
阱。
（注八）「天隙」：地多沟坑，深而且长，天然地
隙。
（注九）「布列阵势」：就是展开成战斗队形。